The command to copy a directory or file is: cp. It is one of the most used commands in Linux. CP allows you to copy a single file or and entire directory from one place to another.

To move a single file you can follow these steps:

Navigate to the directory which contains the file you wish to copy. Use ls to list the contents of the directory to confirm what you are looking for is actually there! Once you have confirmed it is there, type the following (replace filename.ext with your actual file name!)

cp filename.ext /home/account_name/public_html/

Leave a space between your file name (filename.ext) and the directory you wish to copy the file into. In this case we have specified the public_html directory for account_name. You will type in your account name and path you wish to copy your file to.

All you do now is hit Enter and you should be good to go. Navigate to the directory you copied the file into and confirm it is there. Use cd to change the directory. Use ls to display the contents of the directory.


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To copy an entire directory, its subdirectories in files, you can use the following:

cp -R directory/to_copy destination/directory

Leave a space between your first directory path and the directory to which you are copying. In this case we have specified the "directory" as the final resting place for this statement.

All you do now is hit Enter and you should be good to go. Navigate to the directory you copied into and confirm it is there. Use cd "directory name" to change to the directory. Use ls to display the contents of the directory.


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To make a directory you can use the following:

mkdir /home/user1/new

This will create a new directory named "new" in user1's home directory. Be sure to leave a space between mkdir and your path!


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So you want to view everything in a directory in Linux huh? :) No problem! Use one of the following commands:

ls (only list file/directory names in current directory)

ls -l (list all file/directory information in current directory(long version))

ls -R (list all files in current directories and below)

ls -lt (list all files, sorted by most recent accessed first)

ls -lt /etc/rc* (list files in the '/etc/ directory, only starting with 'rc' and sort results by most recent)

That's it! If you have any questions or problems, please let me know.


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Changing directories in Linux is easy! Use the following commands to change your directory:

cd (Change directory)

cd /home (Change the current working directory to /home. The '/' indicates relative to root, and no matter what directory you are in when you execute this command, the directory will be changed to "/home".)

cd httpd (Change the current working directory to httpd, relative to the current location which is "/home". The full path of the new working directory is "/home/httpd".)

cd .. (Move to the parent directory of the current directory. This command will make the current working directory "/home.)

cd ~ (Move to the user's home directory which is "/home/username". The '~' indicates the users home directory.)


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Starting, Stopping, and Restarting Apache in Linux is a very easy thing to do! Use one of the following.

To restart Apache, use:
/sbin/service httpd restart

To start Apache, use:
/sbin/service httpd start

To stop Apache, use:
/sbin/service httpd stop


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Once you have installed MySQL on your Windows machine, it's a great idea to see if installation was successful and running. To do this, open a DOS window and type:

C:\mysql\bin\mysql

If your installation of MySQL was good, you will see the following:

C:\mysql\bin>mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1 to server version 4.0.18-nt

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.

mysql>


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To move a file or directory in Linux, we use mv. Following are examples and options you can use with mv:

mv /source /destination (Moves files from "source" to "destination")

mv -b /source /destination (Moves files from "source" to "destination" and makes a backup of each file that would be overwritten or removed.)

mb -f /source /destination (Moves files from "source" to "destination" and removed existing destination files without prompting you.)

mv -i /source /destination (Moves files from "source" to "destination" and prompts you whether to overwrite each existing destination file regardless of its permissions. If the response does not begin with 'y' or 'Y', then the file is skipped.)

mv -v /source /destination (Moves files from "source" to "destination" and prints the name of each file before moving it.)


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Rebooting a Linux server is easy. However, keep in mind that you should only have to restart a Linux server when a system change is make that requires a reboot for the new change to take affect.

First, login to your server as the root user. Then type the following:

reboot

Messages about the system shutdown process will scroll down the screen. If you are connected remotely, you will need to end your session and login again.


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To delete a file is a simple but NOT reversible command. Remember, there is not an undo command in Linux. Once you remove the file, it is gone, smoke, history, finito! Ok, here's how you remove a file:

rm your_file_name (This removes your_file_name without any prompt. Hit Enter... it's gone!)

rm -i your_file_name (This removes your_file_name, but prompts you first. Enter 'y' or 'Y' if you want to proceed.)

rm your_file_name your_file_name2 (This removes both your_file_name and your_file_name2. You can use rm to remove multiple files simultaneously)


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This is a pretty cool one. So, if you want to see who is logged into your Linux server, there is a command called finger. Yes, I'm serious. Straight up. Here's how it works:

First, check to see who is on your system. Type the following and it will show everyone who is on there by their user name.

finger (This will show you who is on the system by user name.)

Ok, now go James Bond on them. Type finger + their user name like the line below. Now you can see what they are doing :)

finger user_name (This will show you what the user_name specified is doing.)

If you have any questions, drop a comment! Cheers!


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This is a system administration command called accept. It instructs your printing system to accept jobs for the specified print queue or queues. Depending on queue settings, the system may prompt for a password. Also invoked as cupsaccept.

Here is the syntax for accept:

accept [option] destination

Here is the option: